Types of load- components of system loads- Load forecasting- Load dispatching - load curves- load factor, utilization factor, diversity factors, reserve requirements,
Power frequency control – Generator, Governor & Load models - LFC control of a single area and two area systems – steady state and transient response
Reactive power and voltage control- Generation and absorption of reactive power method of voltage control - Injection of reactive power- static shunt capacitor/Inductor, VAR compensator- Tap changing transformers.
Unit commitment – constraints on unit commitment - Co-ordination equations with and without losses--Economic dispatch controller – security constraints.
Recent trends in real time control of power systems; operational restrictions, reliability factors, deregulation and control – congestion management.
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