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Terminology – scrap based operation Vs refining ; trends in quality of liquid steel; different approaches to refining; overview of various treatments including vacuum, inert gas, injection, electro-slag.
Terminology related to injection metallurgy; Ladle furnace; advantages and approaches; injectibles – type of materials; discussion of some specific treatments; impact on overall quality; foaming of slags
Ingot casting Vs continuous casting (CC) ; difficulties in CC of steels; increasing CC output in the steel industry; mould and machine details including different components and configurations; SEN, Ladle and Tundish
Role of mould powders (fluxes) in CC; physical and chemical interactions during CC; overview of defects in CC; production stoppages such as breakouts; indicative heat sizes and machine output; concept and implementation of sequence casting;
Overview of process modeling; applications in ladle metallurgy and CC; mathematical modeling of solidification; physical modeling of fluid flow in CC; case studies from current literature
TEXT BOOKS
1. Tupkary R.H., ‘Introduction to Modern Steel Making’, Khanna Publishers, 2004
2. B.Deo, R. Boom, ‘Fundamentals of steel making metallurgy’, Prentice Hall International,
REFERENCES
1. Continuous casting – Vol.1, ‘Chemical and Physical Interactions during transfer operations’, Iron and Steel Society,
